Dynamic encoding of structural uncertainty in gradient symbols

An important achievement in modeling online language comprehension is the discovery of the relationship between processing difficulty and surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008). However, it is not clear how structural uncertainty can be represented and updated in a continuoustime continuous-state dynamical system model, a reasonable abstraction of neural computation. In this study, we investigate the Gradient Symbolic Computation (GSC) model (Smolensky et al., 2014) and show how it can dynamically encode and update structural uncertainty via the gradient activation of symbolic constituents. We claim that surprisal is closely related to the amount of change in the optimal activation state driven by a new word input. In a simulation study, we demonstrate that the GSC model implementing a simple probabilistic symbolic grammar can simulate the effect of surprisal on processing time. Our model provides a mechanistic account of the effect of surprisal, bridging between probabilistic symbolic models and subsymbolic connectionist models.